فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 49 (بهار 1401)

The mosque's form, as the place of human connection with its creator (Allah) and the world around him, carries the geometrical features that reflect Allah’s commands. Understanding the diversity and multiplicity of these geometrical plans can be helpful in better understanding the standpoint of architects and builders. Geometry can even affect the mechanical function of a place of worship. The science of geometry in Islamic architecture lies in the perfection of its reflection of the physical world and its representation of how strongly humanity is governed by geometry. The use of geometry is apparent in the arches, domes, muqarnas etc. But the use of geometry in the Islamic architecture is very different from the application of geometry in the sacred building or secular building. In the axis, making the qibla concept is significant. The qibla wall indicates the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying. Direction of Mecca is called the qibla, and so the wall in which the mihrab is set is called the qibla wall. No matter where a mosque is, its mihrab indicates the direction of Mecca. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of the Qiblah axis on the geometric diversity of Yazd mosque plans which are also known as Dar al-Abad. Yazd has been selected as the study sample due to a large number of historical mosques and the use of different shapes and geometries in mosque design. Yazd is located in the middle of the Iranian plateau. The earthen architecture of Yazd has escaped the modernization that destroyed many traditional earthen towns, retaining its traditional, traditional houses,  mosques, and historic building. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method approach to answer these questions that if orientation toward the Qibla axis has an effect on the geometric and axial arrangement of Yazd mosque plans and also, how many types of geometric and axial arrangements have been used. Data required in this research are obtained through library documents, the Archives of Cultural Heritage organization, and related books and articles. Finally, it was concluded that the geometry of the Yazd mosque plan was influenced by the Qiblah axis, in terms of geometrical axes it is divided into three classes which include، single axis, double axes, and multi-axis; and in terms of Geometric shape, it is divided to، plan with right-angled geometric shape, the combination of right-angled, and non-right-angled geometric shapes. In each of these mosques, depending on the regularity or irregularity of the geometry of the planned site, the architect has contemplated measures such as adding extensions and sidings to the mosque or rotating the plan. Finally, a pure, ordered geometric space is obtained as a result of purposeful design. The results also show that using different shapes and axes in the construction of Yazd mosques, with the ingenuity and intelligence of the architects of these buildings, has finally created a purposeful link between the body and the spiritual goals of these buildings.

In recent decades, several approaches have been proposed regarding the formation of "quality of urban public spaces,« and various researches have been conducted in this field. However, what can be discerned so far is the lack of attention to the concept of integrative spatial quality and its holistic approach in the field of urban planning as "the basic elements of urban design.» This research explains the critical criteria of the process of forming an integrative spatial quality in urban public spaces. To achieve the purpose of the study, District 5 of Tehran Municipality, due to numerous public spaces in line with the research criteria of the article and the low age of construction, has been studied as a case study. Based on the theories, views, and researche identified in the framework of the mentioned purpose, five critical criteria are essential. The research method is analytical-descriptive. In reference to the contribution and role of this research, it can be emphasized that the foundation of integrative spatial quality in public spaces is only possible by simultaneous attention to allthe key Components: "physical,« "perceptual,» "social,« "environmental,» "functional."Thirty-three variables have considered further study and explanation of these five criteria regarding structural equations and validity and reliability. Thus, it is possible to design a 5-factor model in the field of measuring the quality of integrative spatial in public spaces, which at the same time is a fundamental step in developing a structural model at a higher level, the adequacy of this measurement model, due to various indicators, indicates that the model in question has an acceptable fit from the view of data coordination, including 220 samples with its factor structure. The main goal, part of which, by pursuing the question, "What criteria in the process of forming an integrative spatial quality in urban public spaces, what is their role and position?« is reflected in the present article. This research showed that the optimal quality of selected urban public spaces in this region was related to physical –aesthetic, and functional attributes. In addition, evaluation of this process, planning, and acting in order to enhance it should be considered accordingly based on this framework. Further specific studies on these factors and their effectiveness and relationships are issues that can be addressed in future research to clarify the theoretical findings. Every public space needs unique features; but based on the results, these suggestions are also presented to improve the quality of the urban area and its integration in the five districts of Tehran: The ability to access the communication structure of public spaces for the disabled and people with disabilities Executive diversification of public spaces in accordance with seasonal changes, forming a network of connected public spaces that have interactive quality indicators and also invite individuals to establish sustainable social interaction Meaningful spaces and granting new uses such as restaurants, coffee shops, and more for the proper use of public spaces in the direction of dynamism, vitality, and prosperity.

Consideration of conventional wisdom as one of the significant and efficient factors in the experimental relation of human-environment is of the issues which have been less tackled with architectural research and processes. Crisis of place identity is a sign of disregard for physical-behavioral patterns in the place, and ultimately the separation of the place from people's experiences and desires. An important point and fundamental gap in place identity research is the lack of attention to the relationship between physical-behavioral patterns arising from the custom of societies and its impact on creating a place identity link. This type of communication, which is called conventional wisdom, is based on the two aspects of rationality and experience, which in the research literature is called conventional wisdom. Furthermore, the place identified as a preparatory space, human social interactions in their semantics, are directly influenced by conventional wisdom. Therefore, the balanced relationship that is formed between a person's place identity and the characteristics of his environment is of great significance. As a result, in the process of architectural design of living space, attention to culture, customs, beliefs, worldview, etc. of any society and its impact on collective identity is of particular importance. The present article tries to focus on creating quality residential environments, examines and identifies the effect of conventional wisdom components on the formation of place identity. Also, since housing covers a large part of cities, the architecture of residential complexes must be consistent with the values, customs, culture, beliefs, worldview, etc. of each community, and this through recognizing the aesthetic tastes of the people is possible. Therefore, the present article is correlational in terms of the type of research: qualitative and quantitative, in terms of strategy: interpretive-analytical, data collection tool, observation and interview, and data analysis method. In this regard, in order to respond to the stated objectives, after examining the proficient conventional wisdom components informing the place identity and extracting the conceptual model of the research, to assess the quality criteria and data validity, the Elahiyeh residential complex in Urmia is selected. This leads to using observation, and interview tools and descriptive statistics and data correlation analysis by SPSS software, the results have been reviewed. In order to identify the role of conventional wisdom as a context for the continuation of social behavior in creating place identity in residential complexes, three components of collective perception, rationality and actuality have been identified as the main structure of the conceptual model of conventional wisdom in place. The achievements of the research show a direct and significant relationship between the three components of conventional wisdom - rationality, collective perception, and actuality- with the variable of place identity, which confirms the conceptual model of the research. Findings of the research show that among the mentioned components, collective perception is the most major and effective component affecting the place identity. This means that attention to physical-behavioral patterns such as values, beliefs, cultural beliefs, etc. play an essential role in creating a place identity.

One of the ways to achieve a building with higher energy efficiency and an efficient system is to use local architectural experiences. In the meantime, a windbreak is one of the elements used in the past to create comfort in Kashan's hot and dry climates. The interior of these settlements in this climate aims to greater efficiency of this element by CFD software, Energy Plus, and Open Studio with a descriptive-analytical method and then analyzed the results.  It has water spray, and one of the leading causes of temperature drop in these wind deflectors is the proportionality of the dimensions-the air inlet valve to the wind deflector, water temperature, dimensions, and height of the wind deflector column. Iranian indigenous architecture's interaction with the climate is a deep and ancient interaction that has long been using its experiences and techniques to create an architecture with maximum energy savings in Iran's climatic areas. The process of formation of these techniques in the length of time and in order to adapt to the climate while utilizing the natural force in the environment has created a suitable natural space for users. Innovative technology reduces the long-standing concern of architects in saving and optimizing energy consumption in buildings. In the meantime, the windbreak is one of the elements used in the past to create comfort in Kashan's hot and dry climates. They were used to move and cool the air in the building. The primary function of the wind deflectors was to direct the outside air into the building, relative cooling by establishing a flow at work and people living in different cities and places. Research has proven that the wind deflector is a suitable device for natural ventilation of the indoor air to reduce the internal temperature of the building and create thermal comfort for the residents. Traditional windbreaks are correctly designed according to the day's needs and have been widely used in hot and dry areas of Iran. What is certain is that the use of this element in today's world requires its adaptation to today's life. Today's cities and buildings have different faces, and windbreaks are limited. And analyze how it operates in terms of form and function. Comparison of the results of the analysis of wind speed in wind turbines and how the wind is oriented in the interior shows. Due to the low thermal mass of the windbreak walls compared to the room, the temperature fluctuation is always higher than the room. To reduce the room temperature further, the priority is to use a spray windshield over windshield wipers. Especially, windshields with water spray in which most of the room has a temperature of 298 K are approximately equal to 25 degrees Celsius and are in Kashan city's thermal comfort range. One of the main factors in this Temperature drop proportionality of dimensions- air inlet valve to the windshield, water temperature, measurements, and height of the windshield column.

Signs, in ancient Iranian architecture, are of the key elements of structures and traces of them can be found all over the history of Iranian architecture. Most of worship places are featured with minaret and dome, so that variations of these elements can be found in holy places of all divine religions. Unfortunately, today we witness that these elements are neglected or even removed from architecture of holy places and mosques in particular. Although, innovation is an essential part of architecture, the historical identity of a culture needs to be respected, if we want to achieve a stable form in architecture. Minarets in Iranian architecture represent specific signs and symbols that have formed and matured intentionally over the years so that they are considered as an archetype. These elements take the observers’ imagination to the old ages and to find out human’s ancient mental connection. Todays, traces of different fields of science are evident in architecture. One of these is semiotics, which is the science of perceiving phenomena in the world. The present study focuses on semiotics of archetypes as the constant patters that are rooted in collective experience of man. Studying architectural specification of archetypes and how their concepts are used in Iranian minarets architecture is another objective of the study. In our approach to semiotics of archetypes in architectural structures, we need to know some basic definitions in semiotics. To this end, concepts like signs, semiology, architecture, minaret, and their multi-aspect and close relationship are discussed thoroughly. The study is aimed at examining how the archetypal signs are represented in old minaret architecture in Iran and the way of using them in contemporary architecture in Iran in compliance with Iranian culture and history. To do this, using analytical and interpretive method, the bidirectional relationship was examined through quantitative study (from theory to instance) and qualitative study (from instance to theory).The study was carried out as analytical library work based on the available references. After literature review and representing viewpoints of the pioneers of semiology about signs and comparing their theories, a comprehensive definition of archetypes was proposed. Then, the semiotic systems in architecture of minaret, based on the proposed definition, were examined through semantic approach. Finally, a method to recreate the signs in the structures was brought in. Thus, the study begins with surveying the concept of semiotics and archetypes followed by some examples of minarets that try to regenerate architectural signs and convey an indigenous sense, which were examined through semiotics viewpoint. Finally a theory about archetype semiotics of minaret and guidance tower of Iran was proposed. Surveys of archetypes semiotics indicated that minaret is one of the main archetypes that represents variety of mythical concepts and meanings. Thus, it is not reasonable to eliminate such a valuable element regardless of its archetype aspects and even without an acceptable replacement. It is not hard to understand that the developers of minarets have tried to convey a message to the future generationsKeywords: archetype, minaret, semiotics, symbol, icon

According to rapports, since home construction is cultural, its form and organization are also influenced by the culture that the home is a product of. In this way, traditional Iranian architecture can be described as full of concepts that are based on Iranian religious culture and beliefs. One of the most important concepts that influence the formation of traditional Iranian houses is the concept of privacy. Unfortunately, in today's construction, the conception of privacy is ignored. In fact, in the current century, the concept of privacy has been a victim of economic and social factors, and priority for building spaces that create privacy gradually decreased. The result has been the construction of alien homes with indigenous culture. Therefore, although people live in modern houses and try to adapt to modern architecture, they still consider a traditional home a desirable home. Accordingly, since the home is the most private place for each person, it is one of the main places, where makes essential privacy. Thus, traditional home reviews, where the concept of privacy is well respected, can help architects to apply this principle in today's housing architecture. In this regard, given that traditional houses of the warm and dry climate of Iran are built as a courtyard, and the organization of the spaces around the courtyard is based on different patterns, the most common of which is the organization of the four types of patterns. These patterns include two sides of construction (two opposing masses), two sides of construction (two perpendicular masses), three sides of construction, and four sides of the construction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the privacy of these four patterns in Qajar houses in Shiraz. The research method used in this study is quantitative-qualitative, and the tools used in analyzing houses are mathematical space syntax. Such that, initially eight Qajar houses were selected, and after identifying the three characteristics of introversion, hierarchy, and locating for privacy, at first the houses graphs were extracted by A-Graph software, then these three privacy factors are based on space syntax tools, including, integration, connectivity, relative mean depth, relative asymmetry, real relative asymmetry, and accessibility were analyzed. The research results show that, on the one hand, the concept of privacy as an integral concept in traditional Iranian architecture, in all the patterns of the Qajar houses of Shiraz, the architects have been of interest. On the other hand, based on the analysis, by increasing the mass-to-space ratio from two sides to four sides, the amount of introversion, hierarchy, and locating has increased. This indicates that in the Qajar houses of Shiraz, the pattern of the four sides of the building has the highest amount of privacy than other patterns. This is due to the possibility of separating public and private territories, increasing the depth, and building nested spaces on each side. Moreover, the findings of the study suggest that, in all construction patterns, the least privacy concerns first the courtyard space and then the guest space, and on the contrary, most privacy concerns the bedroom.

Today, perhaps more than ever, we are in disarray in the field of architecture and the city. On the other hand, we cope with buildings that have nothing to do with the history and culture of our country and without cultural, social, and philosophical backgrounds, according to the tastes and welcome of employers and designers, based on foreign examples, in the corners of our cities and views. However, in the field of residential architecture, we see the construction of buildings that are under the rule of the economic view of the city and architecture and to become more profitable, cultural, social, and natural features of its construction completely ignored and regardless of various cultural characteristics The different ethnic groups of Iran, in all the vast and diverse areas of the land of Iran, are made the same and uniform. Undoubtedly, the effect of cultural patterns on human artifacts in lands that are the origin of ancient civilizations and cultures, which have a longer life history, due to during the time and the impact of various historical, social, economic, and natural factors. The plateau of Iran with more than a few thousand years of history in civilization and life in its cultural and natural areas is one of these lands. Because of its inherent nature, the field of architecture has a two-way interaction between architects and people. Explaining cultural methods and examining their weaknesses and strengths is the first step in teaching the basic principles of architecture to the general public, an important hub of control and supervision of proper construction. The purpose of this study is to introduce and evaluate the current performance of cultural methods of basic principles of architecture in Iranian society. This article is applied in a methodological approach, the mixture of quantitative-qualitative. First, they are explained by library studies of architectural principles and methods of cultural indexation, and then the current performance of these methods is expressed with quantitative evidence, in the language of statistics. The statistical population of this study has been chosen from Tehran according to cultural diversity. The results of the research indicate that people are very interested in learning about the importance of architecture, although the current performance of cultural institutions in this field is weak. Public participation is a highly effective method. Visual media and cyberspace are low-cost and high-speed. Paying attention to the public issue and trying to solve it is not possible without public participation. Intellectuals and people of culture must work to raise the level of awareness of the people and the country to develop and excel, and if the level of awareness and culture of the people increases, the people will recognize the issues from each other and will be aware of their rights. It is hoped that the general public will become more aware of the basic principles of architecture and that the public, as one of the most influential nuclei, will require builders and architects to adhere more closely to the principles of architecture.

Nowadays in Tehran, one of the most important factors that have reduced the environmental quality of the cities historical, cultural, and tourism centers has been the growing number of private cars in the whole city. Especially in the historic city center, where has led to increasing problems such as traffic jams and environmental pollution, which reduces the vitality and decrease the quality of the environment in the region and ultimately led to a reduction in tourist attraction to this valuable historical area (which has registered more than 177 valuable cultural-historical heritage as world heritage). Has been hence, the organs affiliated with the city's municipal administration have been implementing various traffic policies in this area to reduce their dependence on personal vehicles. In this research, using the exploratory mixed methods research method, five general dimensions for the environmental quality. Using the confirmatory factor analysis method (CFA analysis method), the effect of the policy was identified Traffic (including two punitive policies: car traffic restrictions, parking, and park management, and two incentive policies: pedestrian development and public transport development) on improving the quality of the five dimensions of transport, socio-cultural, infrastructure-Physical, Environmental and Economic center of Tehran Historical Center. The research instrument was a questionnaire, and 378 people were selected based on the Cochran formula. The questionnaire was distributed in the 12th district of Tehran (according to the historical Tehran (Tehran Safavid). The analysis of the questionnaire was done using Lisrel software. The results showed that it was vital to study five environmental qualities, then transport dimension had the most impact, and the socio-cultural dimension had the least one on the traffic policies applied in the study area. The results also indicate that the development of pedestrian development policy and public transportation development has the most effect on the quality of the public space in the historical center of Tehran. Finally, with the use of two winning traffic policies (pedestrian development policy and public transport development), suggestions have been made to improve vitality and the quality (especially in terms of environmental and socio-cultural dimensions) of the study area is given. The results of the present article are vital because of obtaining through quantitative-qualitative, exploratory research methods, field techniques and libraries, analysis of relevant conceptual models, and the instrumental use of a new social marketing approach in issues related to urban communities. Actually, many of the urban problems and the choice of travel behavioral patterns in Iran are based on the beliefs and unfavorable attitudes of citizens towards the environment around their life and city. Changing these behaviors can provide the grounds for solving traffic problems and reducing intra-city car-based travel, and consequently the realization of improving the environmental quality of urban spaces. As a result, to achieve better success in the proposal and executing the plan and for having metropolitan centers with more vitality, the use of citizen participation policy through the application of social marketing techniques, in implementing the transport demand management policies, confirmed as an optimal alternative.